Writeups

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Table of Contents

1. Bug Bounty
   1.1. Wordfence
2. Wargames/Academy Labs
   2.1. TryHackMe
   2.2. HackTheBox
   2.3. Proving Grounds Play
   2.4. PortSwigger Labs
   2.5. picoGym
   2.6. VulnHub
3. CTFs
   3.1. NahamCon CTF 2022
   3.2. Cyber Apocalypse CTF 2022
   3.3. Hack The Boo
   3.4. GuidePoint Security Oct27 2022 CTF
   3.5. BuckeyeCTF 2022
   3.6. HKCERT CTF 2022
   3.7. NahamCon EU CTF 2022
   3.8. KnightCTF 2023
   3.9. DiceCTF 2023
   3.10. LA CTF 2023
   3.11. Incognito 4.0
   3.12. pbctf 2023
   3.13. VU Cyberthon 2023
   3.14. KalmarCTF 2023
   3.15. Cyber Apocalypse 2023
   3.16. picoCTF 2023
   3.17. RITSEC CTF 2023
   3.18. DamCTF 2023
   3.19. PlaidCTF 2023
   3.20. PwnMe Qualifications : “8 bits”
   3.21. HeroCTF v5
   3.22. Grey Cat The Flag 2023 Qualifiers
   3.23. DEF CON CTF Qualifier 2023
   3.24. CrewCTF 2023
   3.25. zer0pts CTF 2023
   3.26. corCTF 2023
   3.27. Securinets CTF Quals 2023
   3.28. Bauhinia CTF 2023
   3.29. SekaiCTF 2023
   3.30. DownUnderCTF 2023
   3.31. LakeCTF Quals 23
   3.32. HKCERT CTF 2023
   3.33. 0xL4ugh CTF 2024
   3.34. LA CTF 2024
   3.35. bi0sCTF 2024
   3.36. San Diego CTF 2024
   3.37. TJCTF 2024
   3.38. NahamCon CTF 2024
   3.39. Codegate CTF 2024 Preliminary
   3.40. Akasec CTF 2024
   3.41. justCTF 2024 teaser
   3.42. UIUCTF 2024
   3.43. DownUnderCTF 2024
   3.44. ImaginaryCTF 2024
   3.45. corCTF 2024
   3.46. TFC CTF 2024
   3.47. idekCTF 2024
   3.48. SekaiCTF 2024
   3.49. AlpacaHack Round 2 (Web)
   3.50. Patchstack WCUS Capture The Flag
   3.51. CUHK CTF 2024
   3.52. AlpacaHack Round 6 (Pwn)
   3.53. HKCERT CTF 2024

Bug Bounty

Wordfence

• How I Found My First Vulnerabilities In 6 Different WordPress Plugins (Part 1)

TryHackMe

• Lookback
• Capture!
• Opacity
• Bugged
• Generic University
• Uranium CTF
• MD2PDF
• JVM Reverse Engineering
• Eavesdropper
• Different-CTF
• MalBuster
• M4tr1x: Exit Denied
• GameBuzz
• VulnNet: dotjar
• TakeOver
• Cold VVars
• Hamlet
• StuxCTF
• SigHunt
• Unbaked Pie
• Red Stone One Carat
• Metamorphosis
• pyLon
• The Blob Blog
• New Hire Old Artifacts
• WWBuddy
• Unstable Twin
• Super-Spam
• broker
• En-pass
• Undiscovered
• SafeZone
• Bank CTF
• VulnNet: dotpy
• Revenge
• Madeye’s Castle
• Warzone 2
• toc2
• harder
• Neighbour
• PrintNightmare, thrice!
• PS Eclipse
• Templates
• Epoch
• WarZone1
• Bookstore
• Binary Heaven
• Daily Bugle
• Surfer
• Gatekeeper
• The Great Escape
• Attacking ICS Plant #2
• Ghizer
• Git and Crumpets
• ContainMe
• One Piece
• Corridor
• Takedown
• SQHell
• Lumberjack Turtle
• That’s The Ticket
• The Impossible Challenge
• Lunizz CTF
• Wekor
• The Server From Hell
• NahamStore
• biteme
• Intermediate Nmap
• Musical Stego
• Break It
• NerdHead
• Dear QA
• VulnNet: Endgame
• Sweettooth Inc.
• Mnemonic
• Minotaur’s Labyrinth
• Recovery
• Develpy
• PalsForLife
• Willow
• Road
• The Marketplace
• Internal
• Relevant
• CMesS
• Gallery
• Jeff
• Olympus
• VulnNet
• VulnNet:Roasted

HackTheBox

• Meta
• Acute
• Bounty
• Talkative
• Timelapse
• Worker
• Bastion
• Beep
• Arctic
• Granny
• Jarvis
• Bastard
• Optimum
• Search
• Pandora
• Backdoor
• Brainfuck
• Shocker
• Access
• Jeeves
• SecNotes
• Chatterbox
• Devel
• Shoppy
• Support
• OpenSource
• RedPanda

Proving Grounds Play

• DC-9
• ICMP
• My-CMSMS
• GlasgowSmile
• Deception
• Tre
• Assertion101
• BTRSys2.1
• SunsetMidnight
• SoSimple
• FunBox
• Election1
• NoName
• BBSCute
• Ha-natraj
• HAWordy
• Loly
• Pwned1
• Vegeta1

PortSwigger Labs

• SQL injection
  • SQL injection vulnerability in WHERE clause allowing retrieval of hidden data
  • SQL injection vulnerability allowing login bypass
  • SQL injection UNION attack, determining the number of columns returned by the query
  • SQL injection UNION attack, finding a column containing text
  • SQL injection UNION attack, retrieving data from other tables
  • SQL injection UNION attack, retrieving multiple values in a single column
  • SQL injection attack, querying the database type and version on Oracle
  • SQL injection attack, querying the database type and version on MySQL and Microsoft
  • SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on non-Oracle databases
  • SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on Oracle
  • Blind SQL injection with conditional responses
  • Blind SQL injection with conditional errors
  • Visible error-based SQL injection
  • Blind SQL injection with time delays
  • Blind SQL injection with time delays and information retrieval
  • Blind SQL injection with out-of-band interaction
  • Blind SQL injection with out-of-band data exfiltration
  • SQL injection with filter bypass via XML encoding
• Authentication
  • Username enumeration via different responses
  • 2FA simple bypass
  • Password reset broken logic
  • Username enumeration via subtly different responses
  • Username enumeration via response timing
  • Broken brute-force protection, IP block
  • Username enumeration via account lock
  • 2FA broken logic
  • Brute-forcing a stay-logged-in cookie
  • Offline password cracking
  • Password reset poisoning via middleware
  • Password brute-force via password change
  • Broken brute-force protection, multiple credentials per request
  • 2FA bypass using a brute-force attack
• Directory Traversal
  • File path traversal, simple case
  • File path traversal, traversal sequences blocked with absolute path bypass
  • File path traversal, traversal sequences stripped non-recursively
  • File path traversal, traversal sequences stripped with superfluous URL-decode
  • File path traversal, validation of start of path
  • File path traversal, validation of file extension with null byte bypass
• OS Command Injection
  • OS command injection, simple case
  • Blind OS command injection with time delays
  • Blind OS command injection with output redirection
  • Blind OS command injection with out-of-band interaction
  • Blind OS command injection with out-of-band data exfiltration
• Business Logic Vulnerabilities
  • Excessive trust in client-side controls
  • High-level logic vulnerability
  • Inconsistent security controls
  • Flawed enforcement of business rules
  • Low-level logic flaw
  • Inconsistent handling of exceptional input
  • Weak isolation on dual-use endpoint
  • Insufficient workflow validation
  • Authentication bypass via flawed state machine
  • Infinite money logic flaw
  • Authentication bypass via encryption oracle
• Information Disclosure
  • Information disclosure in error messages
  • Information disclosure on debug page
  • Source code disclosure via backup files
  • Authentication bypass via information disclosure
  • Information disclosure in version control history
• Access Control
  • Unprotected admin functionality
  • Unprotected admin functionality with unpredictable URL
  • User role controlled by request parameter
  • User role can be modified in user profile
  • User ID controlled by request parameter
  • User ID controlled by request parameter, with unpredictable user IDs
  • User ID controlled by request parameter with data leakage in redirect
  • User ID controlled by request parameter with password disclosure
  • Insecure direct object references
  • URL-based access control can be circumvented
  • Method-based access control can be circumvented
  • Multi-step process with no access control on one step
  • Referer-based access control
• File Upload Vulnerabilities
  • Remote code execution via web shell upload
  • Web shell upload via Content-Type restriction bypass
  • Web shell upload via path traversal
  • Web shell upload via extension blacklist bypass
  • Web shell upload via obfuscated file extension
  • Remote code execution via polyglot web shell upload
  • Web shell upload via race condition
• Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
  • Basic SSRF against the local server
  • Basic SSRF against another back-end system
  • SSRF with blacklist-based input filter
  • SSRF with filter bypass via open redirection vulnerability
  • Blind SSRF with out-of-band detection
  • SSRF with whitelist-based input filter
  • Blind SSRF with Shellshock exploitation
• XXE Injection
  • Exploiting XXE using external entities to retrieve files
  • Exploiting XXE to perform SSRF attacks
  • Blind XXE with out-of-band interaction
  • Blind XXE with out-of-band interaction via XML parameter entities
  • Exploiting blind XXE to exfiltrate data using a malicious external DTD
  • Exploiting blind XXE to retrieve data via error messages
  • Exploiting XInclude to retrieve files
  • Exploiting XXE via image file upload
  • Exploiting XXE to retrieve data by repurposing a local DTD
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
  • Reflected XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded
  • Stored XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded
  • DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search
  • DOM XSS in innerHTML sink using source location.search
  • DOM XSS in jQuery anchor href attribute sink using location.search source
  • DOM XSS in jQuery selector sink using a hashchange event
  • Reflected XSS into attribute with angle brackets HTML-encoded
  • Stored XSS into anchor href attribute with double quotes HTML-encoded
  • Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets HTML encoded
  • DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search inside a select element
  • DOM XSS in AngularJS expression with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded
  • Reflected DOM XSS
  • Stored DOM XSS
  • Exploiting cross-site scripting to steal cookies
  • Exploiting cross-site scripting to capture passwords
  • Exploiting XSS to perform CSRF
  • Reflected XSS into HTML context with most tags and attributes blocked
  • Reflected XSS into HTML context with all tags blocked except custom ones
  • Reflected XSS with some SVG markup allowed
  • Reflected XSS in canonical link tag
  • Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with single quote and backslash escaped
  • Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded and single quotes escaped
  • Stored XSS into onclick event with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded and single quotes and backslash escaped
  • Reflected XSS into a template literal with angle brackets, single, double quotes, backslash and backticks Unicode-escaped
  • Reflected XSS with event handlers and href attributes blocked
  • Reflected XSS in a JavaScript URL with some characters blocked
  • Reflected XSS with AngularJS sandbox escape without strings
  • Reflected XSS with AngularJS sandbox escape and CSP
  • Reflected XSS protected by very strict CSP, with dangling markup attack
  • Reflected XSS protected by CSP, with CSP bypass
• Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
  • CSRF vulnerability with no defenses
  • CSRF where token validation depends on request method
  • CSRF where token validation depends on token being present
  • CSRF where token is not tied to user session
  • CSRF where token is tied to non-session cookie
  • CSRF where token is duplicated in cookie
  • SameSite Lax bypass via method override
  • SameSite Strict bypass via client-side redirect
  • SameSite Strict bypass via sibling domain
  • SameSite Lax bypass via cookie refresh
  • CSRF where Referer validation depends on header being present
  • CSRF with broken Referer validation
• Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
  • CORS vulnerability with basic origin reflection
  • CORS vulnerability with trusted null origin
  • CORS vulnerability with trusted insecure protocols
  • CORS vulnerability with internal network pivot attack
• Clickjacking
  • Basic clickjacking with CSRF token protection
  • Clickjacking with form input data prefilled from a URL parameter
  • Clickjacking with a frame buster script
  • Exploiting clickjacking vulnerability to trigger DOM-based XSS
  • Multistep clickjacking
• DOM-Based Vulnerabilities
  • DOM XSS using web messages
  • DOM XSS using web messages and a JavaScript URL
  • DOM XSS using web messages and JSON.parse
  • DOM-based open redirection
  • DOM-based cookie manipulation
  • Exploiting DOM clobbering to enable XSS
  • Clobbering DOM attributes to bypass HTML filters
• WebSockets
  • Manipulating WebSocket messages to exploit vulnerabilities
  • Manipulating the WebSocket handshake to exploit vulnerabilities
  • Cross-site WebSocket hijacking
• Insecure Deserialization
  • Modifying serialized objects
  • Modifying serialized data types
  • Using application functionality to exploit insecure deserialization
  • Arbitrary object injection in PHP
  • Exploiting Java deserialization with Apache Commons
  • Exploiting PHP deserialization with a pre-built gadget chain
  • Exploiting Ruby deserialization using a documented gadget chain
  • Developing a custom gadget chain for Java deserialization
  • Developing a custom gadget chain for PHP deserialization
  • Using PHAR deserialization to deploy a custom gadget chain
• Server-Side Template Injection
  • Basic server-side template injection
  • Basic server-side template injection (code context)
  • Server-side template injection using documentation
  • Server-side template injection in an unknown language with a documented exploit
  • Server-side template injection with information disclosure via user-supplied objects
  • Server-side template injection in a sandboxed environment
  • Server-side template injection with a custom exploit
• Web Cache Poisoning
  • Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed header
  • Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed cookie
  • Web cache poisoning with multiple headers
  • Targeted web cache poisoning using an unknown header
  • Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query string
  • Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query parameter
  • Parameter cloaking
  • Web cache poisoning via a fat GET request
  • URL normalization
  • Web cache poisoning to exploit a DOM vulnerability via a cache with strict cacheability criteria
  • Combining web cache poisoning vulnerabilities
  • Cache key injection
  • Internal cache poisoning
• HTTP Host Header Attacks
  • Basic password reset poisoning
  • Host header authentication bypass
  • Web cache poisoning via ambiguous requests
  • Routing-based SSRF
  • SSRF via flawed request parsing
  • Host validation bypass via connection state attack
  • Password reset poisoning via dangling markup
• HTTP Request Smuggling
  • HTTP request smuggling, basic CL.TE vulnerability
  • HTTP request smuggling, basic TE.CL vulnerability
  • HTTP request smuggling, obfuscating the TE header
  • HTTP request smuggling, confirming a CL.TE vulnerability via differential responses
  • HTTP request smuggling, confirming a TE.CL vulnerability via differential responses
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, CL.TE vulnerability
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, TE.CL vulnerability
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to reveal front-end request rewriting
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to capture other users’ requests
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to deliver reflected XSS
  • Response queue poisoning via H2.TE request smuggling
  • H2.CL request smuggling
  • HTTP/2 request smuggling via CRLF injection
  • HTTP/2 request splitting via CRLF injection
  • CL.0 request smuggling
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to perform web cache poisoning
  • Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to perform web cache deception
  • Bypassing access controls via HTTP/2 request tunnelling
  • Web cache poisoning via HTTP/2 request tunnelling
  • Client-side desync
  • Browser cache poisoning via client-side desync
  • Server-side pause-based request smuggling
• OAuth Authentication
  • Authentication bypass via OAuth implicit flow
  • Forced OAuth profile linking
  • OAuth account hijacking via redirect_uri
  • Stealing OAuth access tokens via an open redirect
  • SSRF via OpenID dynamic client registration
  • Stealing OAuth access tokens via a proxy page
• JWT
  • JWT authentication bypass via unverified signature
  • JWT authentication bypass via flawed signature verification
  • JWT authentication bypass via weak signing key
  • JWT authentication bypass via jwk header injection
  • JWT authentication bypass via jku header injection
  • JWT authentication bypass via kid header path traversal
  • JWT authentication bypass via algorithm confusion
  • JWT authentication bypass via algorithm confusion with no exposed key
• Prototype Pollution
  • DOM XSS via client-side prototype pollution
  • DOM XSS via an alternative prototype pollution vector
  • Client-side prototype pollution in third-party libraries
  • Client-side prototype pollution via browser APIs
  • Client-side prototype pollution via flawed sanitization
  • Privilege escalation via server-side prototype pollution
  • Detecting server-side prototype pollution without polluted property reflection
  • Bypassing flawed input filters for server-side prototype pollution
  • Remote code execution via server-side prototype pollution
  • Exfiltrating sensitive data via server-side prototype pollution
• Essential Skills
  • Discovering vulnerabilities quickly with targeted scanning
• Testing GraphQL APIs
  • Accessing private GraphQL posts
  • Accidental exposure of private GraphQL fields
  • Finding a hidden GraphQL endpoint
  • Bypassing GraphQL brute force protections
  • Performing CSRF exploits over GraphQL
• Race Conditions
  • Limit overrun race conditions
  • Bypassing rate limits via race conditions
  • Multi-endpoint race conditions
  • Single-endpoint race conditions
  • Partial construction race conditions
  • Exploiting time-sensitive vulnerabilities
• NoSQL Injection
  • Detecting NoSQL injection
  • Exploiting NoSQL operator injection to bypass authentication
  • Exploiting NoSQL injection to extract data
  • Exploiting NoSQL operator injection to extract unknown fields
• API Testing
  • Exploiting an API endpoint using documentation
  • Finding and exploiting an unused API endpoint
  • Exploiting a mass assignment vulnerability
  • Exploiting server-side parameter pollution in a query string
  • Exploiting server-side parameter pollution in a REST URL
• Web LLM Attacks
  • Exploiting LLM APIs with excessive agency
  • Exploiting vulnerabilities in LLM APIs
  • Indirect prompt injection
  • Exploiting insecure output handling in LLMs
• Web Cache Deception
  • Exploiting path mapping for web cache deception
  • Exploiting path delimiters for web cache deception
  • Exploiting origin server normalization for web cache deception
  • Exploiting cache server normalization for web cache deception
  • Exploiting exact-match cache rules for web cache deception

picoGym

• Web Exploitation
  • logon
  • where are the robots
  • Scavenger Hunt
  • Insp3ct0r
  • Cookies
  • GET aHEAD

VulnHub

• digitalworld.local: VENGEANCE
• Healthcare: 1
• DevGuru: 1
• Hacker kid: 1.0.1
• digitalworld.local: FALL
• Pentester Lab: Axis2 Web service and Tomcat Manager

NahamCon CTF 2022

• Miscellaneous
  • One Mantissa Please
  • The Balloon
• OSINT
  • Keeber
• Warmups
  • Crash Override
  • Exit Vim
  • Flagcat
  • Prisoner
  • Quirky
  • Read The Rules
  • Technical Support
  • Wizard
• Web
  • EXtravagant
  • Jurassic Park

Cyber Apocalypse CTF 2022

• Misc
  • Compressor
  • Matrioshka Brain
• Pwn
  • Space-Pirate:Entrypoint
• Reversing
  • Omega One
  • WIDE
• Warmup
  • Welcome!

Hack The Boo

• Web
• Pwn
• Reversing
• Forensics
• Crypto

GuidePoint Security Oct27 2022 CTF

• Web
• Pwnables

BuckeyeCTF 2022

• Web
• Misc
• Crypto
• Rev

HKCERT CTF 2022

• Web
• Forensics
• Misc
• Crypto

NahamCon EU CTF 2022

• Warmups
• Web

KnightCTF 2023

• Web/API
• Misc
• Cryptography
• Osint

DiceCTF 2023

• Web

LA CTF 2023

• Web
• Misc
• Rev
• Pwn

Incognito 4.0

• Web
• Rev
• crypto
• pyjail
• pwn

pbctf 2023

• Web

VU Cyberthon 2023

• Web Exploitation
• OSINT
• Network Security
• Steganography
• Digital Forensics

KalmarCTF 2023

• web
• forensic

Cyber Apocalypse 2023

• Web
• Pwn
• Misc
• Reversing

picoCTF 2023

• Web Exploitation
• General Skills
• Binary Exploitation
• Reverse Engineering

RITSEC CTF 2023

• BIN-PWN
• Crypto
• Forensics
• Steganography
• Web
• Reversing
• Chandi Bot

DamCTF 2023

• web
• misc

PlaidCTF 2023

• web
• misc

PwnMe Qualifications : “8 bits”

• Web
• Reverse
• Forenics

HeroCTF v5

• Forensic
• Misc
• Prog
• Reverse
• Sponsors
• Steganography
• System
• Web

Grey Cat The Flag 2023 Qualifiers

• Web
• Misc

DEF CON CTF Qualifier 2023

• Intro
• Quals

CrewCTF 2023

• Misc
• Forensics
• Web

zer0pts CTF 2023

• web

corCTF 2023

• web

Securinets CTF Quals 2023

• Web Exploitation

Bauhinia CTF 2023

• Web

SekaiCTF 2023

• Web

DownUnderCTF 2023

• misc
• osint
• web

LakeCTF Quals 23

• web

HKCERT CTF 2023

• pwn
• reverse
• web
• forensics
• misc

0xL4ugh CTF 2024

• Web

LA CTF 2024

• web

bi0sCTF 2024

• Web Exploitation

San Diego CTF 2024

• Misc
• Web

TJCTF 2024

• web

NahamCon CTF 2024

• Web
• Sponsorship

Codegate CTF 2024 Preliminary

• web

Akasec CTF 2024

• Web

justCTF 2024 teaser

• Web

UIUCTF 2024

• Web

DownUnderCTF 2024

• web

ImaginaryCTF 2024

• Web

corCTF 2024

• web

TFC CTF 2024

• Web

idekCTF 2024

• web

SekaiCTF 2024

• Web

AlpacaHack Round 2 (Web)

Patchstack WCUS Capture The Flag

CUHK CTF 2024

• Web Exploitation

AlpacaHack Round 6 (Pwn)

HKCERT CTF 2024

• Web